(1997), NL may have sustained damage to the visual cache, so he could only create impoverished mental representations of objects and scenes. He performed very poorly on tasks thought to require use of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, unless stimulus support in the form of a drawing or other physical stimulus was available.Īccording to Beschin et al. However, NL had no problems with perceiving the left side of scenes, so his visual perceptual system was essentially intact. He found it very hard to describe details from the left side of scenes in visual imagery, a condition known as unilateral representational neglect. They studied a man, NL, who had suffered a stroke. In contrast, memory performance based on the pegword technique Opens in new window was adversely affected by both interference tasks, suggesting that learning with this technique required both components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad.Įvidence consistent with Logie’s theory was reported by Beschin, Cocchini, Della Sala, and Logie (1997). Memory performance based on the method of loci Opens in new window was disrupted by the visual task but not by the spatial task, suggesting that learning primarily depended on the visual cache rather than the inner scribe. The other was a visual task involving the presentation of dynamic visual noise (a meaningless display of dots that changed continuously). One was a spatial task, in which a dot had to be monitored as it moved through a sequence of locations. Quinn and McConnell (1996) obtained evidence favouring the above assumption by using two interfering tasks: It was assumed that the method of loci mainly requires visual processing, whereas the pegword technique requires spatial and visual processing. Mental images were formed by associating the first list word with a bun, the second word with a shoe, and so on. the pegword technique Opens in new window, in which each word was associated to easily memorized items or pegs based on the rhyme “one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a door…”.the method of loci Opens in new window, with each word being associated with a different familiar location and.Their participants learned word lists in two different ways: Support for the distinction between a visual cache and an inner scribe was reported by Quinn and McConnell (1996). It rehearses information in the visual cache, transfers information from the visual cache to the central executive, and is also involved in the planning and execution of body and limb movements. The inner scribe, which deals with spatial and movement information.The visual cache, which is responsible for storage of information about visual form and color.Like the phonological loop, the sketchpad is said to have separable components, controlling visual, spatial, and possibly kinesthetic information (Baddeley, 2000 Baddeley & Logie, 1999).Īccording to Logie (1995) the visuo-spatial sketchpad consists in two components: (1975) and by Baddeley and Lieberman (1980) is interfered with by spatial rather than by visual tasks, implying that processing of such messages relies mainly on spatial coding. Thus, recall of visualizable messages of the kind used by Baddeley et al. This spatial tracking task greatly reduced recall of the visualizable messages, but had little effect on the non-visualizable messages.

This involved subjects trying to point at a moving pendulum while blindfolded, with auditory feedback being provided. The results were very different when a spatial task with no visual input was performed while the message was being presented. However, Baddeley and Lieberman (1980) found that a specifically visual concurrent task (making brightness judgments) actually disrupted performance more on the non-visualizable message.

Theoretical Viewpoints of Prospective Memory.

Working Memory versus Short-Term Memory.

Endel Tulving's Concept of Episodic Memory.

Dissociation between Episodic and Semantic Memory in Amnesics.

Procedural Memory Preserved in Amnesics.

Amnesics with Deficits in Working Memory.

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Contributions to Memory.

Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) Contributions to Memory.

Anterior Temporal Regions: Amodal Storage of Semantic Information.

Role of the Parietal Cortex in Retrieval.

Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Retrieval.

Wernicke & Broca Areas Involved in Language and Speech.Risk-Taking (Among Drug Addicts & Healthy Populations).Risk-Taking (Biases & Poor Decision-Making).

Visuospatial scratchpad